Les Caraïbes font face depuis 2011 à un phénomène d’échouage d’algues brunes. Les espèces retrouvées sont Sargassum fluitans et Sargassum natans.

Selon une estimation récente citée par le ministère de l’écologie français, 180 hectares de sargasses sont disséminées le long des côtes antillaises, soit environ 60 000 tonnes de matières sèches.

L’origine des algues sargasses
Des études récentes ont montré que les algues brunes ne proviennent pas de la Mer des Sargasses, située dans l’Atlantique Nord, mais plutôt d’une zone située au large du Brésil. La présence de nutriments, de températures élevées et de courants seraient favorables à l’accumulation d’algues sargasses dans cette région. Le dérèglement climatique est donc peut-être l’une des causes de cette prolifération d’algues.
Une meilleure connaissance du phénomène
Pour lutter contre ce phénomène naturel qui menace l’économie et génère des nombreuses nuisances, la mise en place d’infrastructures de gestion et de valorisation des sargasses devient nécessaire.
Impacts négatifs
Impacts sanitaires : gènes respiratoires chez les personnes sensibles provoquée par le dégagement de H2S lié à la décomposition des algues ;
Impacts écologiques nombreux :
– sur la faune, menaces d’espèces protégées,
– sur le littoral, des montagnes d’algues et de nombreux débris et restes de barrages non-conformes ou inadaptés.
Impacts économiques : la fermeture de l’accès à certaines plages et l’odeur forte de H2S pénalisent l’activité touristique (hôtels, restaurants), ainsi que le secteur de la pêche et de l’aquaculture

Usages possibles et valorisation de la Sargasse
Les débouchés mondiaux des macro-algues concernent à 89% l’alimentation, 7% la chimie fine et 4% la production d’hydrocolloides. Les algues sont ainsi à l’origine de composés utilisés par l’industrie agro-alimentaire, notamment comme épaississants, gélifiants, émulsifiants, stabilisants, comme les alginates, polyphénols, fucoxanthrine… L’utilité pour la floculation dans le traitement des eaux et la fixation de métaux lourds a été démontrée sur certaines espèces de sargasses.
Valorisation agronomique : les sargasses peuvent servir d’engrais naturel dans l’agriculture (potasse), épandage direct, alimentation animale, paillage, lutte biologique, compostage.
Valorisation cosmétique, agro-alimentaire et chimie verte (biocarburants, énergie renouvelable, d’autres usages sont en cours d’études comme la transformation en charbon actif ou en bio plastique).
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